Long-Acting Strategies for Antibody Drugs: Structural Modification, Controlling Release, and Changing the Administration Route.

Because of their high specificity, high affinity, and targeting, antibody drugs have been widely used in the treatment of many diseases and have become the most favored new drugs for research in the world. However, some antibody drugs (such as small-molecule antibody fragments) have a short half-life and need to be administered frequently, and are often associated with injection-site reactions and local toxicities during use. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of antibody drugs that are long-acting and have fewer side effects. This paper reviews existing strategies to achieve long-acting antibody drugs, including modification of the drug structure, the application of drug delivery systems, and changing their administration route. Among these, microspheres have been studied extensively regarding their excellent tolerance at the injection site, controllable loading and release of drugs, and good material safety. Subcutaneous injection is favored by most patients because it can be quickly self-administered. Subcutaneous injection of microspheres is expected to become the focus of developing long-lasting antibody drug strategies in the near future.

In Situ Defect Engineering of Controllable Carrier Types in WSe2 for Homomaterial Inverters and Self-Powered Photodetectors.

WSe2 has a high mobility of electrons and holes, which is an ideal choice as active channels of electronics in extensive fields. However, carrier-type tunability of WSe2 still has enormous challenges, which are essential to overcome for practical applications. In this work, the direct growth of n-doped few-layer WSe2 is realized via in situ defect engineering. The n-doping of WSe2 is attributed to Se vacancies induced by the H2 flow purged in the cooling process. The electrical measurements based on field effect transistors demonstrate that the carrier type of WSe2 synthesized is successfully transferred from the conventional p-type to the rarely reported n-type. The electron carrier concentration is efficiently modulated by the concentration of H2 during the cooling process. Furthermore, homomaterial inverters and self-powered photodetectors are fabricated based on the doping-type-tunable WSe2. This work reveals a significant way to realize the controllable carrier type of two-dimensional (2D) materials, exhibiting great potential in future 2D electronics engineering.

Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of MoS2 Oxidation for Kinetic Control of MoS2/MoO3 Interfaces.

Oxidation of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) occurs readily under a variety of conditions. Therefore, understanding the oxidation processes is necessary for successful TMD handling and device fabrication. Here, we investigate atomic-scale oxidation mechanisms of the most widely studied TMD, MoS2. We find that thermal oxidation results in α-phase crystalline MoO3 with sharp interfaces, voids, and crystallographic alignment with the underlying MoS2. Experiments with remote substrates prove that thermal oxidation proceeds via vapor-phase mass transport and redeposition, a challenge to forming thin, conformal films. Oxygen plasma accelerates the kinetics of oxidation relative to the kinetics of mass transport, forming smooth and conformal oxides. The resulting amorphous MoO3 can be grown with subnanometer to several-nanometer thickness, and we calibrate the oxidation rate for different instruments and process parameters. Our results provide quantitative guidance for managing both the atomic scale structure and thin-film morphology of oxides in the design and processing of TMD devices.

Epitaxial substitution of metal iodides for low-temperature growth of two-dimensional metal chalcogenides.

The integration of various two-dimensional (2D) materials on wafers enables a more-than-Moore approach for enriching the functionalities of devices1-3. On the other hand, the additive growth of 2D materials to form heterostructures allows construction of materials with unconventional properties. Both may be achieved by materials transfer, but often suffer from mechanical damage or chemical contamination during the transfer. The direct growth of high-quality 2D materials generally requires high temperatures, hampering the additive growth or monolithic incorporation of different 2D materials. Here we report a general approach of growing crystalline 2D layers and their heterostructures at a temperature below 400 °C. Metal iodide (MI, where M = In, Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Pb, Sn and Bi) layers are epitaxially grown on mica, MoS2 or WS2 at a low temperature, and the subsequent low-barrier-energy substitution of iodine with chalcogens enables the conversion to at least 17 different 2D crystalline metal chalcogenides. As an example, the 2D In2S3 grown on MoS2 at 280 °C exhibits high photoresponsivity comparable with that of the materials grown by conventional high-temperature vapour deposition (~700-1,000 °C). Multiple 2D materials have also been sequentially grown on the same wafer, showing a promising solution for the monolithic integration of different high-quality 2D materials.

Salt-Assisted Selective Growth of H-phase Monolayer VSe2 with Apparent Hole Transport Behavior.

Vanadium diselenide (VSe2) exhibits versatile electronic and magnetic properties in the trigonal prismatic (H-) and octahedral (T-) phases. Compared to the metallic T-phase, the H-phase with a tunable semiconductor property is predicted to be a ferrovalley material with spontaneous valley polarization. Herein we report an epitaxial growth of the monolayer 2D VSe2 on a mica substrate via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method by introducing salt in the precursor. Our first-principles calculations suggest that the monolayer H-phase VSe2 with a large lateral size is thermodynamically favorable. The honeycomb-like structure and the broken symmetry are directly observed by spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and confirmed by giant second harmonic generation (SHG) intensity. The p-type transport behavior is further evidenced by the temperature-dependent resistance and field-effect device study. The present work introduces a new phase-stable 2D transition metal dichalcogenide, opening the prospect of novel electronic and spintronics device design.

Amisulpride augmentation therapy improves cognitive performance and psychopathology in clozapine-resistant treatment-refractory schizophrenia: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Although clozapine is an effective option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), there are still 1/3 to 1/2 of TRS patients who do not respond to clozapine. The main purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to explore the amisulpride augmentation efficacy on the psychopathological symptoms and cognitive function of clozapine-resistant treatment-refractory schizophrenia (CTRS) patients. METHODS: A total of 80 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to receive initial clozapine plus amisulpride (amisulpride group) or clozapine plus placebo (placebo group). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale scores, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS), laboratory measurements, and electrocardiograms (ECG) were performed at baseline, at week 6, and week 12. RESULTS: Compared with the placebo group, amisulpride group had a lower PANSS total score, positive subscore, and general psychopathology subscore at week 6 and week 12 (PBonferroni < 0.01). Furthermore, compared with the placebo group, the amisulpride group showed an improved RBANS language score at week 12 (PBonferroni < 0.001). Amisulpride group had a higher treatment response rate (P = 0.04), lower scores of CGI severity and CGI efficacy at week 6 and week 12 than placebo group (PBonferroni < 0.05). There were no differences between the groups in body mass index (BMI), corrected QT (QTc) intervals, and laboratory measurements. This study demonstrates that amisulpride augmentation therapy can safely improve the psychiatric symptoms and cognitive performance of CTRS patients. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that amisulpride augmentation therapy has important clinical significance for treating CTRS to improve clinical symptoms and cognitive function with tolerability and safety. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier- NCT03652974. Registered August 31, 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03652974.

Machine Learning-Aided Design of Gold Core-Shell Nanocatalysts toward Enhanced and Selective Photooxygenation.

We demonstrate the use of the machine learning (ML) tools to rapidly and accurately predict the electric field as a guide for designing core-shell Au-silica nanoparticles to enhance 1O2 sensitization and selectivity of organic synthesis. Based on the feature importance analysis, obtained from a deep neural network algorithm, we found a general and linear dependent descriptor (θ ∝ aD0.25t-1, where a, D, and t are the shape constant, size of metal nanoparticles, and distance from the metal surface) for the electric field around the core-shell plasmonic nanoparticle. Directed by the new descriptor, we synthesized gold-silica nanoparticles and validated their plasmonic intensity using scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) mapping. The nanoparticles with θ = 0.40 demonstrate an ∼3-fold increase in the reaction rate of photooxygenation of anthracene and 4% increase in the selectivity of photooxygenation of dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA), a long-standing goal in organic synthesis. In addition, the combination of ML and experimental investigations shows the synergetic effect of plasmonic enhancement and fluorescence quenching, leading to enhancement for 1O2 generation. Our results from time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations suggest that the presence of an electric field can favor intersystem crossing (ISC) of methylene blue to enhance 1O2 generation. The strategy reported here provides a data-driven catalyst preparation method that can significantly reduce experimental cost while paving the way for designing photocatalysts for organic drug synthesis.

Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate-mediated gelation on the suppressed dissolution of crystalline lurasidone hydrochloride and a strategy to mitigate the gelation.

In dissolution test, the surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is usually added to increase the dissolution of insoluble drugs and achieve the sink condition. However, the current study found that 0.1 % SLS would significantly decrease the dissolution of crystalline lurasidone hydrochloride (LH, a BCS Ⅱ drug). The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of this unexpected phenomenon and explore a strategy for mitigating the negative effect of SLS on the dissolution of LH. Sample characterizations (such as PLM, DSC, PXRD, IR and NMR) confirmed that the insoluble single-phase amorphous LH-SLS complex (with a single Tg at 35.2 °C) formed during dissolution in 0.1 % SLS aqueous solution via electrostatic interaction, tetrel bond interaction, and hydrophobic effect. Due to the plasticization effect of water, the transition of amorphous LH-SLS from its glassy state to viscous supercooled liquid state led to the gel formation, and suppressd the dissolution of LH. Meanwhile, the solubility curve of LH in SLS aqueous solution at various concentrations exhibited an unusual V-shaped feature, with the CMC value of SLS serving as the inflection point, since the gel degree was attenuated due to the micelle solubilization of SLS. Additionally, an innovative strategy was developed to alleviate the inhibiting effect of SLS on LH dissolution based on the potential competitive interactions. This study not only enriches the internal mechanism of surfactant-inhibited drug dissolution but also informs an effective strategy to mitigate the gelation.

Band Alignment Engineering by Twist Angle and Composition Modulation for Heterobilayer.

Atomically thin monolayer semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), exhibiting direct band gap and strong light-matter interaction, are promising for optoelectronic devices. However, an efficient band alignment engineering method is required to further broaden their practical applications as versatile optoelectronics. In this work, the band alignment of two vertically stacked monolayer TMDs using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is effectively tuned by two strategies: 1) formulating the compositions of MoS2(1-x) Se2x alloys, and 2) varying the twist angles of the stacked heterobilayer structures. Photoluminescence (PL) results combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculation show that by changing the alloy composition, a continuously tunable band alignment and a transition of type II-type I-type II band alignment of TMD heterobilayer is achieved. Moreover, only at moderate (10°-50°) twist angles, a PL enhancement of 28%-110% caused by the type I alignment is observed, indicating that the twist angle is coupled with the global band structure of heterobilayer. A heterojunction device made with MoS0.76 Se1.24 /WS2 of 14° displays a significantly high photoresponsivity (55.9 A W-1 ), large detectivity (1.07 × 1010 Jones), and high external quantum efficiency (135%). These findings provide engineering tools for heterostructure design for their application in optoelectronic devices.

Conductive Hydrogel Conduits with Growth Factor Gradients for Peripheral Nerve Repair in Diabetics with Non-Suture Tape.

Diabetic patients suffer from peripheral nerve injury with slow and incomplete regeneration owing to hyperglycemia and microvascular complications. This study develops a graphene-based nerve guidance conduit by incorporating natural double network hydrogel and a neurotrophic concentration gradient with non-invasive treatment for diabetics. GelMA/silk fibroin double network hydrogel plays quadruple roles for rapid setting/curing, suitable mechanical supporting, good biocompatibility, and sustainable growth factor delivery. Meanwhile, graphene mesh can improve the toughness of conduit and enhance conductivity of conduit for regeneration. Here, novel silk tapes show quick and tough adhesion of wet tissue by dual mechanism to replace suture step. The in vivo results demonstrate that gradient concentration of netrin-1 in conduit have better performance than uniform concentration caused by chemotaxis phenomenon for axon extension, remyelination, and angiogenesis. Altogether, GelMA/silk graphene conduit with gradient netrin-1 and dry double-sided adhesive tape can significantly promote repairing of peripheral nerve injury and inhibit the atrophy of muscles for diabetics.

Rational Control on Quantum Emitter Formation in Carbon-Doped Monolayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride.

Single-photon emitters (SPEs) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are promising candidates for quantum light generation. Despite this, techniques to control the formation of hBN SPEs down to the monolayer limit are yet to be demonstrated. Recent experimental and theoretical investigations have suggested that the visible wavelength single-photon emitters in hBN originate from carbon-related defects. Here, we demonstrate a simple strategy for controlling SPE creation during the chemical vapor deposition growth of monolayer hBN via regulating surface carbon concentration. By increasing the surface carbon concentration during hBN growth, we observe increases in carbon doping levels by 2.4-fold for B-C bonds and 1.6-fold for N-C bonds. For the same samples, we observe an increase in the SPE density from 0.13 to 0.30 emitters/µm2. Our simple method enables the reliable creation of hBN SPEs in monolayer samples for the first time, opening the door to advanced two-dimensional (2D) quantum state engineering.

Sex difference in the interrelationship between TNF-α and oxidative stress status in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulated TNF-α and oxidative stress (OxS) contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Additionally, previous evidence has demonstrated sex differences in many aspects of schizophrenia including clinical characteristics, cytokines, and OxS markers. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study investigating sex differences in the association between TNF-α, the OxS system, and their interaction with clinical symptoms in schizophrenia patients, especially in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) patients. METHODS: A total of 119 FEDN schizophrenia patients and 135 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Serum TNF-α, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was applied to evaluate psychotic symptoms. Two-way ANOVA, partial correlation analysis, and multivariate regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: A sex difference in MDA levels was demonstrated only in healthy controls (F = 7.06, pBonferroni = 0.045) and not seen in patients. Furthermore, only male patients had higher MDA levels than male controls (F = 8.19, pBonferroni = 0.03). Additionally, sex differences were observed in the association of TNF-α and MDA levels with psychotic symptoms (all pBonferroni < 0.05). The interaction of TNF-α and MDA was only associated with general psychopathology symptom in male patients (B = - 0.07, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the sex difference in the relationship between TNF-α, MDA, and their interaction with psychopathological symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.

Aligned Graphene Mesh-Supported Double Network Natural Hydrogel Conduit Loaded with Netrin-1 for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration.

The gold standard treatment for peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) is the autologous graft, while it is associated with the shortage of donors and results in major complications. In the present study, we engineer a graphene mesh-supported double-network (DN) hydrogel scaffold, loaded with netrin-1. Natural alginate and gelatin-methacryloyl entangled hydrogel that is synthesized via fast exchange of ions and ultraviolet irradiation provide proper mechanical strength and excellent biocompatibility and can also serve as a reservoir for netrin-1. Meanwhile, the graphene mesh can promote the proliferation of Schwann cells and guide their alignments. This approach allows scaffolds to have an acceptable Young's modulus of 725.8 ± 46.52 kPa, matching with peripheral nerves, as well as a satisfactory electrical conductivity of 6.8 ± 0.85 S/m. In addition, netrin-1 plays a dual role in directing axon pathfinding and neuronal migration that optimizes the tube formation ability at a concentration of 100 ng/mL. This netrin-1-loaded graphene mesh tube/DN hydrogel nerve scaffold can significantly promote the regeneration of peripheral nerves and the restoration of denervated muscle, which is even superior to autologous grafts. Our findings may provide an effective therapeutic strategy for PNI patients that can replace the scarce autologous graft.

Elimination of Uremic Toxins by Functionalized Graphene-Based Composite Beads for Direct Hemoperfusion.

Conventional absorbents for hemoperfusions suffer from low efficiency and slow absorption with numerous side effects. In this research, we developed cellulose acetate (CA) functionalized graphene oxide (GO) beads (∼1.5-2 mm) that can be used for direct hemoperfusion, aiming at the treatment of kidney dysfunction. The CA-functionalized GO bead facilitates adsorption of toxins with high biocompatibility and high-efficiency of hemoperfusion while maintaining high retention for red blood cell, white blood cells, and platelets. Our in vitro results show that the toxin concentration for creatinine reduced from 0.21 to 0.12 µM (p < 0.005), uric acid from 0.31 to 0.15 mM (p < 0.005), and bilirubin from 0.36 to 0.09 mM (p < 0.005), restoring to normal levels within 2 h. Our in vivo study on rats (Sprague-Dawley, n = 30) showed that the concentration for creatinine reduced from 83.23 to 54.87 µmol L-1 (p < 0.0001) and uric acid from 93.4 to 54.14 µmol L-1 (p < 0.0001), restoring to normal levels within 30 min. Results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using free-energy calculations reveal that the presence of CA on GO increases the surface area for adsorption and enhances penetration of toxins in the binding cavities because of the increased electrostatic and van der Waals force (vdW) interactions. These results provide critical insight to fabricate graphene-based beads for hemoperfusion and to have the potential for the treatment of blood-related disease.

Highly Reversible Sodiation/Desodiation from a Carbon-Sandwiched SnS2 Nanosheet Anode for Sodium Ion Batteries.

The further improvement of sodium ion batteries requires the elucidation of the mechanisms pertaining to reversibility, which allows the novel design of the electrode structure. Here, through a hydrogel-embedding method, we are able to confine the growth of few-layer SnS2 nanosheets between a nitrogen- and sulfur-doped carbon nanotube (NS-CNT) and amorphous carbon. The obtained carbon-sandwiched SnS2 nanosheets demonstrate excellent sodium storage properties. In operando small-angle X-ray scattering combined with the ex situ X-ray absorption near edge spectra reveal that the redox reactions between SnS2/NS-CNT and the sodium ion are highly reversible. On the contrary, the nanostructure evolution is found to be irreversible, in which the SnS2 nanosheets collapse, followed by the regeneration of SnS2 nanoparticles. This work provides operando insights into the chemical environment evolution and structure change of SnS2-based anodes, elucidating its reversible reaction mechanism, and illustrates the significance of engineered carbon support in ensuring the electrode structure stability.

Confinement-Enhanced Rapid Interlayer Diffusion within Graphene-Supported Anisotropic ReSe2 Electrodes.

To enhance interlayer lithium diffusion, we engineer electrodes consisting of epitaxially grown ReSe2 nanosheets by chemical vapor deposition, supported on three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam, taking advantage of its weak van der Waals coupling and anisotropic crystal structure. We further demonstrate its excellent performance as the anode for lithium-ion battery and catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Density functional theory calculation reveals that ReSe2 exhibits a low energy barrier for lithium (Li) interlayer diffusion because of negligible interlayer coupling and anisotropic structure with low symmetry that creates additional adsorption sites and leads to a reduced diffusion barrier. Benefitting from these properties, the 3D ReSe2/graphene foam electrode displays excellent cycling and rate performance with 99.6% capacity retention after 350 cycles and a capacity of 327 mA h g-1 at the current density of 1000 mA g-1. Additionally, it has exhibited a high activity for HER, in which an exchange current density of 277.8 µA cm-2 is obtained and only an overpotential of 106 mV is required to achieve a current density of -10 mA cm-2. Our work provides a fundamental understanding of the interlayer diffusion of Li in transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials and acts as a new tool for designing a TMD-based catalyst.

Selenium Edge as a Selective Anchoring Site for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with MoSe2/Graphene-Based Cathodes.

For lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), the dissolution of lithium polysulfide and the consequent "shuttle effect" remain major obstacles for their practical applications. In this study, we designed a new cathode material comprising MoSe2/graphene to selectively adsorb polysulfides on the selenium edges and thus to mitigate their dissolution. More specifically, few-layered MoSe2 was first grown on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) using the chemical vapor deposition method and then infiltrated with sulfur as the cathode for LSBs. An initial capacity of 1028 mA h g-1 was achieved for S/MoSe2/N-rGO at 0.2 C, higher than 981 and 405.1 mA h g-1 for pure graphene and sulfur, respectively, along with enhanced cycling durability and rate capability. Moreover, the density functional theory simulation, in addition to the experimental adsorption test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, and transmission electron microscopy technique, reveals the dual roles that MoSe2 plays in improving the performance of LSBs by functioning as the binding sites for lithium polysulfides and as the platform that enables fast Li-ion diffusion by reducing its diffusion barrier. The reported finding suggests that the transition-metal selenides could be an efficient alternative material as the cathode for LSBs.

Methacrylated gelatin-embedded fabrication of 3D graphene-supported Co3O4 nanoparticles for water splitting.

We developed a general platform for the fabrication of transition metal oxide nanoparticles supported by a graphene foam (GF) by first coating it with a methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel, which served as a 3D matrix for nanoparticle dispersion. The engineered GelMA/GF matrix was hydrophilic with good mechanical strength and high conductivity, therefore providing a good platform for the dispersion of a variety of metal/oxide precursors. Due to this platform, well-dispersed Co3O4 nanoparticles with the smallest size of 3 nm assembled on the nitrogen-doped graphene foam (Co3O4/NGF). The crystalline transformation from a CoCl2[H2O]2 precursor to Co3O4 was revealed by in operando X-ray diffraction and absorption techniques. After applying Co3O4/NGF as a free-standing electrocatalyst for water splitting, the nanoparticles of size 3 nm exhibited optimal catalytic activity in alkaline media; the corresponding cell could promote water splitting at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 with only 1.63 V and exhibited excellent stability in a 25 h long-term operation. Our results demonstrate that the GelMA hydrogel-coated 3D graphene foam can be a promising platform for the design and fabrication of graphene-based multifunctional materials.

Stacking Modes-Induced Chemical Reactivity Differences on Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown Trilayer Graphene.

Trilayer graphene (TLG) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), in particular the twisted TLG, exhibits sophisticated electronic structures that depend on their stacking modes. Here, we computationally and experimentally demonstrate the chemical reactivity differences of CVD-TLG induced by the stacking modes and corroborated by a photoexcited phenyl-grafting reaction. The experimental results show that the ABA stacking TLGs have the most inert chemical property, yet 30°-30° stacking twisted TLGs are the most active. Further, density functional theory calculations have shown that the chemical reactivity difference can be quantitatively explained by the differences in the number of hot electrons generated in their valence band during irradiation. The activity difference is further verified by the calculated adsorption energy of phenyl on the TLGs. Our work provides insight into the chemistry of TLG and addresses the challenges associated with selective functionalization of TLG with phenyl groups. The understandings developed in this project can also guide the future development of TLG-based functional devices.

The draft genome of the fast-growing non-timber forest species moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla).

Bamboo represents the only major lineage of grasses that is native to forests and is one of the most important non-timber forest products in the world. However, no species in the Bambusoideae subfamily has been sequenced. Here, we report a high-quality draft genome sequence of moso bamboo (P. heterocycla var. pubescens). The 2.05-Gb assembly covers 95% of the genomic region. Gene prediction modeling identified 31,987 genes, most of which are supported by cDNA and deep RNA sequencing data. Analyses of clustered gene families and gene collinearity show that bamboo underwent whole-genome duplication 7-12 million years ago. Identification of gene families that are key in cell wall biosynthesis suggests that the whole-genome duplication event generated more gene duplicates involved in bamboo shoot development. RNA sequencing analysis of bamboo flowering tissues suggests a potential connection between drought-responsive and flowering genes.